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#1. Which of the following options best defines the correct sequence of the phases of the demographic cycle?
The correct sequence of the phases of the demographic cycle is High stationary Early expanding β Late expanding β Low stationary β Declining.
India is currently in the βlate expandingβ stage which is the third stage in the demographic cycle where
Declining death rates and declining birth rates are seen.
Another important concept of the demographic cycle is the demographic gap which is the difference between birth rate and death rate. The demographic gap is maximum in the early-expanding phase, characterized by a high birth rate and low death rate. As the demography of the country transitions to the late-expanding phase, both birth rate and death rate falls causing a decreasing demographic gap. Although the birth rate is falling in the late-expanding phase, it is still higher than the death rate, which causes the population to increase.
#2. Which of the following are not involved in providing antenatal support to pregnant women?
Trained birth attendants or dais provide medical services during delivery and in the post-partum period. They cater to a population of 1000 in villages.
Antenatal support is provided by the following:
Health workers (male and female) β 1 per 5000 in plains and 1 per 3000 in hilly or remote areas.
β’ Health assistants (male and female) β 1 per 30,000 in plains and 1 per 20, 000 in remote or hilly areas. Anganwadi workers β 1 per 400-800 in plains and 1 per 300-800 in hilly or remote areas.
#3. The image shown corresponds to which health program and disease?
The given image is of SAPANA for leprosy. Sapana refers to a local school-going girl who will help to spread awareness in the community.
#4. All of the following are approaches to health education except:
Mass media is a method of communication for health education.
Approaches to health education include service approach, regulatory approach and health education approach.
#5. Which of the following is the objective of the Ujjawala Scheme?
The Ujjawala Scheme is for the prevention of trafficking and for the rescue, rehabilitation, and reintegration of victims of trafficking for commercial sexual exploitation.
The Ujjwala Yojana (note spelling without βaβ) is for providing 5 crores of free cooking LPG connections to all families below the poverty line till 2019.
The Ujala Scheme (Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs and Appliances for All) is the largest domestic lighting project in the world, launched under the Ministry of Power. It aims at promoting the use of energy-efficient LED bulbs in every household in the country.
#6. Passive immunisation is not used in the prevention of disease caused by which of following viruses?
Passive immunization is not given in cytomegalovirus (CMV) exposure. At present, there is no role for post- exposure prophylaxis with antivirals or immune globulin. The only method of preventing maternal CMV infection is by limiting exposure to the virus by maintaining good hand hygiene.
Passive immunization is a short-term measure useful only when exposure to infection has just occurred or is likely to occur within the next few days. The duration of immunity is short and variable (1-6 weeks).
#7. Which of the following is false about pyrethrum?
Pyrethrum does not have a residual action like DDT or other synthetic insecticides. So, most space sprays contain pyrethrum and DDT for synergistic action.
Pyrethrum is a natural insecticide of vegetable origin. It is extracted from the flowers of Chrysanthemum cinerariafolium. It kills adult mosquitoes and other insects instantly on mere contact.
#8. In the Motivation model of health education, there are three stages for the adoption of new ideas. What is the third one other than awareness & motivation?
The third stage in the Motivation model of health education, following awareness and motivation, is action.
In the process of adopting new ideas or behaviours, individuals progress through distinct stages. The first stage, awareness, involves gaining general information about health needs and issues, which serves as the foundation for further exploration. Without awareness, individuals may not recognize the importance of Making changes to their health behaviours.
#9. Which of the following color-coded kits is recommended for the syndromic management of patients with anorectal discharge in sexually transmitted infections (STIs)?
Kit 1/Grey kit is recommended for the syndromic management of patients presenting with anorectal discharge.
#10. Which of the following is not a socio-economic determinant of health?
Lifestyle is a behavioural and socio-cultural determinant of health. It is not a socio-economic determinant.
Socio-economic determinants of health are the following:
Economic status (per capita GNP)
Education
Occupation
Political system
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Levels of Prevention
Preventive medicine focuses on the three levels of prevention: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary prevention aims to reduce disease occurrence by promoting health (e.g., vaccinations, lifestyle modifications). Secondary prevention focuses on early detection and treatment, such as screenings for hypertension or diabetes. Tertiary prevention involves rehabilitation and reducing the impact of established diseases, such as physiotherapy for stroke recovery. These strategies are the backbone of disease control and public health improvement.
Social Determinants of Health
Health is influenced by social determinants, including income, education, housing, and access to healthcare. These factors shape individual and community well-being. Addressing inequalities and improving these determinants can significantly enhance population health. For instance, ensuring clean water, sanitation, and proper nutrition reduces communicable diseases and improves life expectancy. Recognizing and mitigating these influences is crucial in preventive and social medicine.