Kit 1/Grey kit is recommended for the syndromic management of patients presenting with anorectal discharge.

For developing countries, HPI-1 is used, where the adult illiteracy rate is included, not the literacy rate.
HPI-2 is used for developed countries.
Human poverty index (HPI) measures deprivation in basic dimensions of human development.

The annual blood examination rate (ABER) is used to measure the operational efficiency of the National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP).

The third stage in the Motivation model of health education, following awareness and motivation, is action.
In the process of adopting new ideas or behaviours, individuals progress through distinct stages. The first stage, awareness, involves gaining general information about health needs and issues, which serves as the foundation for further exploration. Without awareness, individuals may not recognize the importance of Making changes to their health behaviours.

The correct order for the process of communication is:
Sender Message Channel Receiver Feedback
The sender (communicator) is the originator of the message. A message is the information which the communicator transmits to his audience. Channel is the media of communication between the sender and the receiver (e.g., interpersonal communication, mass media, traditional or folk media). The audience who receives, understands, and acts upon the message is called the receiver. Feedback is the reaction to the message which flows from the receiver to the sender.

Correct Answer – Comprehensiveness
Comprehensive health care as stated by the Bhore committee means giving integrated preventive, curative, and promotional health care to every individual, irrespective of their ability to pay.

Lifestyle is a behavioural and socio-cultural determinant of health. It is not a socio-economic determinant.
Socio-economic determinants of health are the following:
Economic status (per capita GNP)
Education
Occupation
Political system

Increasing the utilization of health services is not a component of socialized medicine.
It refers to the provision of medical service through the state funds; however, it is operated and regulated by professional groups. Russia was the first to completely socialize medicine.
It eliminates competition among physicians as well as ensures social equity and universal health coverage.

Disability adjusted life years (DALY) is the best measure of the overall burden of a disease in a defined population. It is also the best measure of the effectiveness of interventions.
DALY is calculated as – Years of lost life prematurely (YLL) + Years lost to disability (YLD). It can measure both mortality and disability together.
As DALY is affected by premature loss of life, conditions that affect younger individuals like road traffic accidents have a high DALY. In comparison to this, Alzheimer’s disease has a lower DALY as it is a disease that mostly develops during old age and so has a lower YLL.

According to the WHO, blindness is defined as visual acuity of less than 3/60.
The leading causes of vision impairment and blindness are uncorrected refractive errors and cataracts
Distance vision impairment:
• Mild – visual acuity worse than 6/12 to 6/18
• Moderate – visual acuity worse than 6/18 to 6/60
• Severe – visual acuity worse than 6/60 to 3/60
• Blindness – visual acuity worse than 3/60